Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange. The term was first used in 1972 by the American historian and professor Alfred W. American-produced silver flooded the world and became the standard metal used in coinage, especially in Imperial China. Old World rice, wheat, sugar cane, and livestock, among other crops, became important in the New World. American crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco, cassava, sweet potatoes, and chili peppers became important crops around the world. The new contacts among the global population resulted in the interchange of a wide variety of crops and livestock, which supported increases in food production and population in the Old World. The number of Africans taken to the New World was far greater than the number of Europeans moving to the New World in the first three centuries after Columbus. European colonists and African slaves replaced Indigenous populations across the Americas, to varying degrees. The cultures of both hemispheres were significantly impacted by the migration of people (both free and enslaved) from the Old World to the New. Communicable diseases of Old World origin resulted in an 80 to 95 percent reduction in the number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the 15th century onwards, most severely in the Caribbean. Some of the exchanges were purposeful some were accidental or unintended.

It is named after the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus and is related to the European colonization and global trade following his 1492 voyage. The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World ( Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries. Old World native plants Clockwise, from top left:

Malus Domestica by S.A. Hunt